Atomic clocks, particularly those based on cesium, have revolutionized timekeeping and enabled many modern technologies that rely on precise synchronization and timing. In this article we will examine how this level of timekeeping accuracy may be necessary in the future to save humanity from a killer asteroid.
Precise Tracking and Prediction
- Orbital Calculations: Atomic clocks enable extremely accurate measurements of an asteroid’s position and velocity. Even tiny errors in timing can lead to significant miscalculations over vast distances and long periods.
- Long-term Trajectory Modeling: With the accuracy provided by cesium clocks (up to 5 parts in 100 trillion over a day), scientists can model asteroid trajectories far into the future, giving us more time to prepare.
Interception Mission Timing
- Launch Window Precision: Hitting a specific launch window to intercept an asteroid requires split-second timing. Cesium clocks can provide this level of precision.
- Course Corrections: During a months-long journey to an asteroid, even microsecond-level timing errors can result in missing the target by kilometers. Atomic clocks ensure spacecraft can make minute course corrections accurately.
Deflection Techniques
- Kinetic Impact: For a successful kinetic impact mission (like NASA’s DART), precise timing is crucial to hit the asteroid at the exact right moment and location.
- Gravity Tractor: This method requires a spacecraft to maintain a specific position relative to the asteroid for an extended period. Atomic clock precision is vital for station-keeping and measuring the minute gravitational effects.
Global Coordination
- Synchronized Operations: In a global effort to deflect an asteroid, multiple space agencies and ground stations worldwide would need to coordinate their actions with extreme precision.
- Data Sharing: Accurate time stamps on observational data from various sources around the world are crucial for creating a unified, precise picture of the asteroid’s behavior.
Advanced Technologies
- Laser Ablation: Future asteroid deflection techniques might involve precisely timed laser pulses to vaporize parts of the asteroid’s surface. Cesium clock accuracy would be essential for synchronizing these pulses.
- Nuclear Option: In an extreme scenario where a nuclear device is considered, the timing of the detonation would be critical and would rely on atomic clock precision.
Time Dilation
When spacecraft are sent to intercept or deflect potentially hazardous asteroids, even tiny timing errors can result in missing the target by kilometers. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity predict that clocks will run at different rates depending on their velocity (special relativity) and the strength of the gravitational field they’re in (general relativity). For a spacecraft traveling at high speeds or operating in varying gravitational fields during its journey to an asteroid, these relativistic effects become significant. Cesium atomic clocks, with their incredible accuracy, allow mission controllers to account for these time dilation effects, ensuring that the spacecraft’s position, velocity, and timing for critical maneuvers are calculated with the utmost precision. This level of accuracy is essential for successfully intercepting an asteroid that may be millions of kilometers away and traveling at tens of thousands of kilometers per hour.
To account for time dilation when targeting an asteroid from Earth, we need to consider both special and general relativistic effects. Here’s an example of how this might work:
Let’s say we’re targeting an asteroid that’s 1 astronomical unit (AU) away from Earth, moving at 30 km/s relative to Earth. We want to send a spacecraft to intercept it.
1. Special relativistic time dilation:
Our spacecraft accelerates to 0.1c (10% of light speed) relative to Earth. At this speed, time dilation becomes noticeable.
Time dilation factor: γ = 1 / √(1 – v^2/c^2) ≈ 1.005
This means for every second that passes on the spacecraft, about 1.005 seconds pass on Earth.
2. General relativistic time dilation:
The spacecraft moves away from Earth’s gravitational well, experiencing less gravitational time dilation. This effect is smaller but still relevant for precise calculations.
3. Light travel time:
Signals between Earth and the spacecraft take time to travel. At 1 AU, light takes about 8.3 minutes to reach the spacecraft.
4. Calculation adjustments:
– Earth-based controllers must account for the 8.3-minute delay in communications.
– Trajectory calculations must consider that the asteroid’s position will have changed during the signal travel time.
– The spacecraft’s onboard clock will run slightly slower than Earth-based clocks, affecting timing of maneuvers.
– The asteroid’s own motion must be precisely predicted, accounting for gravitational influences from other bodies.
5. Continuous updates:
As the spacecraft approaches the asteroid, its velocity and position relative to both Earth and the asteroid change, requiring constant recalculation of time dilation effects and trajectories.
6. Final approach:
In the last stages of interception, the spacecraft might need to make split-second decisions. The slight time difference between Earth and spacecraft becomes crucial, necessitating autonomous decision-making systems on the spacecraft itself.
By carefully accounting for these relativistic effects and light travel times, mission controllers can ensure accurate targeting and interception of the asteroid, even across vast distances and at high speeds.
Why Cesium?
Cesium (Cs) is considered one of the best elements for atomic clocks for several reasons:
1. Slow atomic motion: Cesium atoms move relatively slowly at room temperature (about 130 m/s) compared to other elements like hydrogen or nitrogen. This slower speed allows for more precise measurements.
2. High hyperfine frequency: Cesium’s hyperfine transition frequency (~9.19 GHz) is higher than other elements like rubidium (~6.8 GHz) or hydrogen (~1.4 GHz). A higher frequency enables more accurate measurements.
3. Suitable transition energy: The transition energy of cesium atoms falls in the microwave range, which was compatible with the electronics available when atomic clocks were first developed in the 1950s.
4. Low sensitivity to external fields: The resonance frequency of cesium is relatively insensitive to external electric and magnetic fields, which helps maintain accuracy.
5. Practical to work with: Cesium can be prepared as isolated atoms and has a transition that is strong enough to measure but also relatively long-lived, producing a narrow signal.
6. Historical precedent: Cesium was suggested for use in atomic clocks as early as 1940 by Isidor Rabi, and has since become the standard, with extensive research and development focused on cesium-based clocks.
While other elements and technologies are now being explored for even more precise timekeeping (such as optical atomic clocks), cesium remains the current standard for defining the second and is used in many high-precision applications like GPS satellites.
Why is the Second Exactly That?
The specific number of 9,192,631,770 periods for defining the second using the cesium-133 atom’s hyperfine transition was carefully selected to maintain continuity with the previous definition of the second, which was based on the Earth’s rotation. Scientists precisely measured the frequency of the cesium-133 hyperfine transition and compared it to the existing definition of the second, choosing this number because it made the atomic second match the length of the existing second as closely as possible at the time of adoption. This approach ensured a smooth transition from the astronomical definition to the atomic definition, avoiding any sudden changes in the length of the second while also providing an extremely precise standard for timekeeping.
What if the Second was Redefined as 9 Billion Transitions Exactly?
Why not make this easier to remember? What would this actually break by changing it to an exact 9 billion transitions of Cs-133, instead of 9,192,631,770? Well, if we redefined the second to be exactly 9 billion transitions of Cs-133 instead of 9,192,631,770, each new second would be about 2.09% shorter than the current second. This change would cascade through all larger units of time, making them contain more of these shorter seconds. A minute would still be 60 seconds, but would be about 1.25 seconds shorter in current time. An hour would be about 75 seconds shorter, and a day would be about 30 minutes shorter in current time. A week would be about 3.5 hours shorter, and a month (assuming a 30-day month) would be about 15 hours shorter. A year would contain about 7.65 more of these new, shorter days, resulting in approximately 372.89 days per year when measured in these new seconds. This change would require significant recalibration of global timekeeping systems, scientific calculations, and could affect everything from GPS and telecommunications to financial markets and computer networks.
What Would Make a Good Non-Earth Based Universal Second?
For a non-Earth based second in a multigalactic federation, a logical approach would be to base the definition on fundamental physical constants or phenomena that are universal across the cosmos. Here are some possibilities:
1. Planck time: This is the smallest measurable unit of time, about 5.39 × 10^-44 seconds. A new “galactic second” could be defined as a specific large number of Planck times.
2. Atomic transitions: Similar to the current definition, but using an element or isotope more common throughout the universe than cesium-133.
3. Gravitational waves: Define the second based on the frequency of gravitational waves from a specific type of cosmic event.
4. Pulsar rotations: Use the rotation period of a particularly stable pulsar as a time standard.
5. Quantum oscillations: Base the second on a specific number of oscillations of a fundamental particle.
6. Light-distance: Define the second as the time it takes light to travel a specific distance in vacuum.
The key considerations for choosing a new universal second would be:
1. Consistency across the galaxy/universe
2. Ease of measurement with advanced technology
3. Stability over long periods
4. Independence from local gravitational or relativistic effects
Ultimately, the choice would depend on the level of technology available in the multigalactic federation and the specific needs of their timekeeping systems. The new standard would likely be much shorter than our current second to allow for more precise measurements across vast distances and time scales.
For now, we have the Cesium second.
Cesium May Save the Day
While cesium atomic clocks are currently the gold standard, ongoing research into even more accurate timekeeping methods, such as optical atomic clocks, could further enhance our asteroid defense capabilities. The extreme precision offered by these clocks is not just a luxury but a necessity when dealing with the vast scales and velocities involved in asteroid interception missions. By providing the timing accuracy needed for tracking, predicting, and potentially deflecting dangerous near-Earth objects, cesium atomic clocks and their successors could indeed play a pivotal role in saving humanity from an asteroid-induced extinction event.
Read More
[1] https://www.oscilloquartz.com/en/products-and-services/cesium-clocks
[2] https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/what-cesium-atomic-clock
[3] https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/12ju879/why_are_cesium_atoms_used_in_atomic_clocks/
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clocks
[5] https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-realization/cesium-fountain-atomic-clocks
[6] https://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-clock
[7] https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2014/02/new-era-atomic-clocks
[8] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acloc.html
[9] https://www.reddit.com/r/worldbuilding/comments/nwxcih/how_do_you_keep_time_in_a_galactic_empire/
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second
[12] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS_KyjY7qwo
[13] https://www.lne.fr/en/we-talk-about-it/redefinition-second-unit
[14 https://www.iflscience.com/we-may-have-a-new-definition-of-the-second-by-2030-63545
[15] http://gigastructural-engineering-lore.wikidot.com/wiki:grandintergalacticfederation
[16] https://www.space.com/time-dilation-interstellar-communication-delays
[17] https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/wdacvw/time_dilation_is_very_confusing_to_me/
[18] https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/forum_thread.php?id=66431
[19] https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/effect-of-time-dilation-on-a-satellite.968436/
[20] https://live.stemfellowship.org/time-dilation/
