To cover the frequency range of 0.001 to 100 GHz, a minimum of two antennas is required: one for the lower frequency range and one for the higher frequency range. A possible combination could be a loop antenna for the lower frequency range (0.001-30 MHz) and a horn antenna for the higher frequency range (1-100 GHz). Loop antennas are simple and efficient for frequencies below 30 MHz, while horn antennas are widely used for microwave frequencies due to their high gain and directional properties[1][3][4]. Other possible antenna types that could cover this frequency range include dipole antennas, monopole antennas, log-periodic antennas, and patch antennas[5][6]. The specific type, brand, and model of the antenna will depend on the application and specific requirements.
ETS-Lindgren’s Model 3164-01 Open Boundary Quad-ridged Horn Antenna takes the open boundary concept to its extreme by providing a totally open horn, including an open boundary feed cavity. The model 3164-01 allows antenna engineers to perform measurements down to 100 MHz and up to 1 GHz with a single antenna. [18]
To choose an appropriate antenna for the frequency range of 0.001 to 100 GHz, several factors need to be considered, such as the operating frequency, antenna type, and application. Here are some general guidelines for selecting antennas within this frequency range.
1. Operating Frequency
– For the frequency range of 0.001 to 100 GHz, a wide variety of antennas can be used, including but not limited to prime focus parabolic antennas, microstrip antennas, dual-polarized antenna arrays, and high-gain wideband antennas[9][13][14].
2. Antenna Type
– The best antenna types for the 100 GHz range include tapered slot antennas, dielectric rod antennas, and microstrip antennas[13].
3. Application
– The specific application and requirements, such as gain, radiation pattern, and efficiency, will also influence the choice of antenna. For example, for 5G applications, high-gain wideband antennas are being used[14].
4. Consideration of Surroundings and Structure
– Antenna placement should be based on the surroundings and the product structure. The electrical and mechanical specifications should also be taken into account when selecting an antenna[12].
5. Regulatory Considerations
– It’s important to consider regulatory aspects, especially for higher frequency bands. For example, the UK’s Ofcom has been considering proposals to enable greater access to frequencies in the range 100-200 GHz, including indoor and outdoor use[9].
In summary, when choosing an appropriate antenna for the 0.001 to 100 GHz frequency range, it is essential to consider the operating frequency, antenna type, specific application, surrounding environment, and regulatory requirements. Each of these factors will help determine the most suitable antenna for a given scenario.
Citations:
[1] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/55-different-types-antennas-examples-used-wireless-
[2] https://service.shure.com/s/article/what-is-antenna-distribution
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_types
[4] https://www.shure.com/damfiles/default/global/documents/publications/en/performance-production/wireless-systems-guide-for-antenna-setup-english.pdf-6a0564ec711b3449986ddf9ce5951a9a.pdf
[5] https://courses.ansys.com/index.php/courses/example-antenna-types/
[6] https://www.ahsystems.com/articles/antenna-selection.php
[7] https://ma-mimo.ellintech.se/2020/09/26/active-and-passive-antennas/
[8] https://cc-techgroup.com/active-and-passive-antenna-systems/
[9] https://www.miwv.com/millimeter-wave-resources/how-to-specify-prime-focus-parabolic-antennas/
[10] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252393089_100_GHz_Broadband_High_Power_Antennas
[11] https://www.mwrf.com/technologies/components/article/21849478/a-brief-tutorial-on-microstrip-antennas-part-2
[12] https://www.kyocera-avx.com/docs/literature/Antenna-Selection-Guide.pdf
[13] https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/503542cb-d157-430c-8768-631b01fba4d8/content
[14] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345481430_High_Gain_Wideband_Antennas_for_5G_Applications_A_Review
[15] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36621-x
[16] https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=theses_open
[17] https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0034/189871/100-ghz-consultation.pdf
[18] https://maximinstruments.com/products/ets_lindgren_3164_01_open_boundary_quad_ridged_horn_100_mhz___1_ghz