The massive power outage that struck Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and parts of southwestern France on April 28, 2025, stands as the most severe blackout in Spain’s recent history and is widely regarded as a historic event for the Iberian Peninsula[2][5][7]. Red Eléctrica de España (REE), Spain’s electric network, said Spain and Portugal were hit by “el cero” – the zero. It affected tens of millions of people, causing widespread disruption to transport, communications, hospitals, and essential services, with the Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez describing it as “exceptional and totally extraordinary” and noting that within seconds, Spain lost power equivalent to 60% of its electricity demand[2][4][7]. The Portuguese power company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), said the outage started at 11.33am western European summer time. By mid-afternoon the partly state-owned Spanish operator had started to recover voltage in the north, south and west of the Iberian peninsula, but restoring was slow to prevent another outage.
Historic Nature of the Outage
This blackout is unprecedented in scale for Spain, impacting nearly every major city and region simultaneously, including Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon, and others. It paralyzed metros, halted trains, disrupted airports, and caused traffic chaos due to non-functioning signals[2][4][5][7]. Authorities confirmed this was the first blackout of such magnitude in the country’s history[7].
Role of Spain’s Renewable Energy Transition
Spain has recently achieved remarkable milestones in renewable energy integration, having recorded its first weekday of 100% renewable electricity supply on April 16, 2025, just days before the blackout[6][8]. On that day, wind, solar, hydro, and other renewables fully met the entire electricity demand on the peninsular grid, with wind and solar alone generating over 70% of the power mix[6][8]. Spain aims to reach 81% renewable electricity by 2030 and eventually near 100% renewables, reflecting a rapid transition away from fossil fuels and nuclear power[9][10].
Despite this high penetration of variable renewable energy sources, there is no direct evidence linking the blackout to Spain’s renewable energy system. The outage was triggered by a fault in the power interconnection between France and Spain, causing the Spanish grid to disconnect from the broader European network[2][4]. Experts emphasize that the Iberian Peninsula operates somewhat as an “energy island” with limited interconnections to the rest of Europe, which can increase vulnerability to such disturbances[10]. However, the blackout’s cause appears unrelated to the renewable energy share itself.
Why Lack of Inertia Occurs with High Renewables Penetration
The above statement about the blackout being unrelated to renewable energy may not be true. The fact that wind, solar, hydro, and other renewables fully met the entire electricity demand on Spain’s peninsular grid, with wind and solar alone generating over 70% of the power mix, does contribute to a lack of inertia needed to keep the grid stable during normal fluctuations. Traditional synchronous generators-such as those in gas, coal, nuclear, and hydro plants-have large rotating masses that provide rotational inertia. This inertia acts as a buffer or shock absorber, slowing the rate of frequency changes on the grid when there are sudden imbalances between supply and demand. Wind and solar power plants, especially those connected via inverters (power electronics), do not inherently provide this rotational inertia because their rotating parts (like wind turbine blades) are decoupled from the grid frequency by converters. Therefore, they cannot directly slow frequency changes during disturbances. The reduced inertia made the grid more vulnerable to rapid frequency changes caused by sudden generation losses or load fluctuations. Without sufficient inertia, frequency deviations happen faster and larger, making it harder to maintain grid stability. An industry insider noted the blackout was not merely due to the high share of renewables but rather the absence of synchronous generation to compensate for abrupt generation declines. The Spanish grid operator REE had warned previously about the risks of high renewable penetration and the need for grid upgrades, including load-shedding relays to act as shock absorbers during generation dips[79][80][81][82][83].
Atmospheric Disturbance and Technical Details
One of the leading technical hypotheses involves an unusual atmospheric phenomenon described as “induced atmospheric vibration” or extreme temperature variations that affected high-voltage power lines[3]. This rare atmospheric disturbance may have caused oscillations and synchronization failures in the grid’s high-voltage transmission system, triggering protective disconnections to prevent damage. Such oscillations can lead to rapid fluctuations in voltage and frequency, destabilizing the interconnected grid and causing cascading failures[3].
The exact nature of this atmospheric effect is still under investigation, but it suggests that environmental factors, possibly linked to sudden temperature swings or other meteorological conditions, interfered with the stability of the electricity transmission infrastructure. This is a relatively novel explanation for a blackout of this scale and highlights the complex interactions between weather phenomena and modern power grids[3].
Where Did the Blackout of Spain Originate?
The source area was southwestern Spain, involving generation loss at substations likely tied to solar plants, combined with a failure in the Spain-France interconnection that cascaded into a nationwide blackout[77][78]. The exact area identified as the source of Spain’s massive power outage on April 28, 2025, was in the region of Spain where two incidents of power generation loss occurred, likely involving solar plants. These disconnection incidents happened just seconds apart and triggered instability in the grid[77][78]. Specifically, the 150 MW Gemasolar concentrated solar power plant near Fuentes de Andalucía in the province of Seville has been speculated as a possible contributor, though Spanish authorities have ruled out renewable energy as the root cause[74][76].
The outage originated from failures in the Spanish electricity grid, particularly a connection failure with France, which led to a cascading collapse of the Spanish electrical system. The interconnection between Spain and France through the Pyrenees fractured due to the instability[73][78]. Additionally, extreme temperature variations in the interior of Spain caused anomalous oscillations in very high voltage lines (400 kV), known as “induced atmospheric vibration,” which contributed to synchronization failures between interconnected European networks[75].
Did a Solar Event Trigger the Blackout of Spain?
There is no evidence that a solar weather event caused the massive blackout in Spain on April 28, 2025. Instead, the outage was triggered by a “very large oscillation in electrical voltage” within the Spanish system that then spread, likely linked to a fault in the France-Spain interconnector and compounded by a rare atmospheric phenomenon causing “anomalous oscillations” in high-voltage power lines. This atmospheric disturbance, described as “induced atmospheric variation,” involved extreme temperature fluctuations that led to synchronization failures and cascading disruptions across the interconnected grid. Spanish and Portuguese officials, as well as EU authorities, have ruled out cyberattacks or solar storms as causes, focusing on grid instability exacerbated by rare weather-related electrical oscillations rather than solar weather events[19][22][23].
Has Spain Made Any Powerful Enemies Recently?
There was this statement a few months ago: Spanish Foreign Minister, José Manuel Albares response to Trump’s statements on Gaza: “I will be very clear: Gaza is the land of Palestinians and they must stay. Gaza is part of the future State of Palestine that Spain supports,” but we didn’t find anything more recent than that.
Spain has recently made powerful enemies, most notably Israel, following its increasingly critical stance on the Gaza conflict and its decision to suspend and ultimately cancel a €6.6 million arms contract for ammunition imports from Israeli companies. This cancellation, driven by pressure from Spain’s left-wing coalition partners and the government’s condemnation of Israel’s military actions in Gaza, has sparked diplomatic fallout, with Israel formally condemning Spain’s move as a breach of international norms and warning it may reconsider defense cooperation with Madrid. The controversy has also caused domestic political tensions and raised concerns among defense analysts about Spain’s reliability as a security partner. Beyond Israel, Spain’s vocal support for Palestinian statehood and backing of Arab plans to rebuild Gaza without displacing Palestinians have positioned it at odds with pro-Israel and some Western actors, though Spain continues to emphasize diplomacy and peace efforts in the Middle East and Ukraine as foreign policy priorities in 2025[28][29][32][33][34].
Is Starlink Used in Spain?
Yes, as of April 2025, Starlink provides extensive satellite internet coverage across virtually all of Spain, including urban and many rural areas, thanks to its large constellation of over 6,000 low Earth orbit satellites. Users in Spain can access Starlink’s broadband service almost nationwide, provided they have an unobstructed view of the sky, which is essential for connectivity. While exact coverage maps show near-complete availability across the country, some very remote or heavily obstructed locations may experience limited service. Starlink’s growing network and ongoing satellite launches continue to shrink coverage gaps, making it a viable high-speed internet option throughout Spain, including areas where traditional infrastructure is lacking[1][2][5].
Could It Have Been A Cyber Attack?
There was a rating of 25% chance of cyber attack being responsible on one news source. European Council president, António Costa, Portugal’s prime minister from 2015 to 2024, however, told the media that “there is no evidence that it was a cyber-attack”, but he cautioned that the ultimate cause was still unclear.
Could Man Made Sources have Caused Spain’s Blackout?
Man-made sources of energy on Earth and in space that could theoretically cause fluctuations similar to those triggering Spain’s blackout include the following:
– Variable Renewable Energy Sources: Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power are inherently intermittent and fluctuate due to changing weather conditions and solar radiation. Their variable output can cause rapid voltage and frequency deviations in power grids, especially when integrated at high penetration levels without sufficient grid inertia or balancing resources[36][38][40][42].
– Electric Vehicles (EVs) Charging Demand: The stochastic and uneven charging patterns of EVs create unpredictable demand spikes and dips, contributing to voltage fluctuations and stressing grid stability[36][37].
– Conventional Power Plants: Thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric plants can cause fluctuations when their turbines speed up or slow down in response to demand changes. For example, if consumers suddenly draw more power, turbines slow down, causing frequency drops that must be corrected to maintain grid stability[41].
– Power Converters and Distributed Energy Resources: Power electronics interfacing distributed generation (like rooftop solar) and storage can introduce rapid fluctuations if not properly managed or coordinated[36][37][43].
– High-Voltage Transmission Lines and Interconnectors: Faults or oscillations in interconnectors between grids (such as the France-Spain link) can cause large voltage swings and cascading failures[40].
– Artificial Intelligence Control Systems: Although designed to stabilize grids, malfunction or improper coordination of AI-based control algorithms for power converters could theoretically introduce fluctuations, though current research aims to prevent this[36][37].
– Space-Based Man-Made Sources: While not directly linked to grid fluctuations, large satellite constellations (e.g., Starlink) use radio frequencies and power but do not impact terrestrial electrical grid stability. Man-made space weather effects (e.g., from high-power transmissions or space-based weapons) are not known to cause grid voltage oscillations.
No evidence suggests that man-made space-based energy sources have caused or could cause the kind of electrical oscillations seen in Spain’s blackout. The main contributors are terrestrial power generation and consumption dynamics, especially from variable renewables, EVs, and grid interconnections[36][38][40].
What Can Cause Power Lines to Gallop and Change Electrical Frequency?
Power lines “gallop” due to high-amplitude, low-frequency oscillations caused primarily by wind acting on conductors with an asymmetric profile, most commonly from ice or wet snow buildup on one side of the wire. This uneven accumulation creates an aerodynamic shape similar to an airfoil, which interacts with perpendicular wind forces (typically above 15 mph or ~7 m/s) to induce vertical or elliptical oscillations with amplitudes that can exceed a meter. The natural frequency of galloping is around 1 Hz, leading to the conductor’s characteristic swaying or “dancing” motion. These oscillations can cause phase conductors to come dangerously close to each other or other objects, resulting in flashovers, power outages, and mechanical stresses that may damage insulators, hardware, or even transmission towers.
Galloping is most common in cold, windy conditions where ice or wet snow adheres unevenly, altering the conductor’s shape and aerodynamic properties. The mechanical motion can also affect electrical parameters by causing fluctuations in line impedance and coupling, which can lead to voltage and frequency variations in the grid. Mitigation strategies include using smooth-faced conductors to reduce ice buildup, installing anti-gallop devices that convert vertical motion to twisting motion, increasing line tension, and controlled heating (Joule heating) to remove ice. However, these measures can be costly and sometimes impractical after construction. Power line galloping is triggered by the combined effects of asymmetric ice accumulation and wind, causing mechanical oscillations that can induce electrical frequency and voltage fluctuations, potentially contributing to grid instability[44][45][46][47][49]. Just before the massive blackout on April 28, 2025, Spain experienced extreme temperature variations and unusual atmospheric conditions that contributed to the power outage.
What caused the extreme temperature variations? How localized were they? Are they seen on Radar?
The temperature variations were relatively localized within Spain’s interior regions. The sudden shifts in temperature-likely involving rapid cooling or warming-caused the transmission lines to physically oscillate. Regarding detection, such temperature variations and related atmospheric disturbances are generally not directly visible on standard weather radar, which primarily detects precipitation and storm structures. However, meteorological instruments and specialized atmospheric sensors can detect rapid temperature changes, wind patterns, and other environmental factors contributing to line galloping. The anomaly is more a function of localized thermal and aerodynamic effects on the lines rather than large-scale weather events typically seen on radar.
How big was the Interior Area in Spain that saw Extreme Temperature Variations?
The exact geographic extent of this interior area is not precisely quantified in available reports, but it corresponds to a significant portion of central Spain where the high-voltage grid experienced mechanical galloping and synchronization failures leading to the cascading blackout. This localized atmospheric phenomenon was distinct from the broader blackout region, which extended across much of the Iberian Peninsula and even affected parts of southern France.
Spain has a dense and sophisticated network of meteorological stations, including over 3,000 automatic and manual weather stations spread across the country, managed by agencies such as AEMET and networks like SiAR, which record temperature, humidity, wind, and other atmospheric parameters at high frequency and quality. Despite this extensive monitoring infrastructure, the exact magnitude and spatial extent of the extreme temperature variations that triggered the anomalous oscillations in Spain’s high-voltage power lines on April 28, 2025, have not been fully quantified or publicly detailed by authorities[53][55][56]. The temperature fluctuations were described as “extreme” and “rapid,” localized mainly in the interior regions of Spain, but they did not correspond to large-scale weather events easily visible on radar or conventional weather maps[55]. These variations likely involved sudden thermal shifts over relatively limited areas, sufficient to induce mechanical galloping of power lines but not necessarily captured as dramatic or widespread temperature anomalies in standard meteorological reports. Thus, while Spain’s weather stations do record temperature data continuously, the precise scale and intensity of the temperature swings causing the blackout remain under investigation and have not been clearly disclosed.
Sudden Thermal Shfits? What, Do You Mean Like Air Burst Bombs?
No, the “sudden thermal shifts” linked to the blackout in Spain are not caused by explosive events like air burst bombs but are instead related to rare atmospheric phenomena such as heat bursts or rapid localized temperature changes. A heat burst is a natural meteorological event characterized by a sudden, localized increase in air temperature near the surface, often occurring at night and associated with decaying thunderstorms. It involves a descending parcel of dry, warm air that heats rapidly due to compression as it falls from higher altitudes, sometimes causing temperature rises of 10°C or more within minutes, accompanied by strong, gusty winds and very dry conditions. These abrupt shifts differ fundamentally from man-made explosions; they are natural atmospheric processes involving evaporative cooling aloft and rapid adiabatic warming during descent. Another related large-scale phenomenon is sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), which involves rapid temperature increases high in the stratosphere that can influence surface weather patterns weeks later but do not cause immediate localized thermal shocks at ground level. In the case of Spain’s blackout, the “induced atmospheric variation” causing oscillations in high-voltage power lines was likely linked to such rapid, localized thermal changes-natural but unusual weather events-rather than any explosive or artificial source. These temperature swings can cause mechanical galloping of power lines and electrical frequency fluctuations, contributing to grid instability.
Spain Experienced 100% Natural Heat Bursts?
How long did they last? How rapid was the heating? By how many degrees?
There is no direct evidence that Spain experienced “100% natural heat bursts” specifically linked to the April 28, 2025 blackout. The extreme temperature variations linked to the blackout were described as rapid but localized thermal shifts affecting high-voltage power lines, causing mechanical oscillations (galloping). These shifts likely involved sudden temperature changes over minutes to hours, but precise data on how many degrees the temperature changed or the exact duration of these shifts has not been publicly detailed. They were not large-scale, prolonged heatwaves but rather localized, transient atmospheric disturbances sufficient to destabilize power line behavior.
Heat bursts, which cause sudden temperature jumps of 10°C+ within minutes, are natural but rare and localized phenomena; no confirmed reports link such events directly to the blackout.
Heat bursts-rare meteorological events causing sudden, localized temperature increases of 10°C (18°F) or more within minutes-have been observed in various regions worldwide, often linked to collapsing thunderstorms. Notable historical occurrences include:
– Kopperl, Texas (June 15, 1960): Temperatures reportedly jumped from 26°C (79°F) to 52°C (127°F) in minutes during a heat burst[68]. A heat burst caused temperatures to soar rapidly, accompanied by tremendous winds[71]. Strong winds can cause power lines to gallop, especially if there is also ice or snow build-up.
– Chickasha, Oklahoma (May 22, 1996): A heat burst caused a temperature rise from 29°C (84°F) to 44°C (112°F) with a sharp drop in humidity[68]. A heat burst led to a significant temperature increase and a sharp drop in humidity. Without strong winds or ice, power line galloping is unlikely.
– Wichita, Kansas (July 2011): Temperatures increased from 30°C (86°F) to 41°C (106°F) rapidly due to a heat burst[68]. Temperatures rose quickly due to a heat burst. As with the Chickasha event, galloping would depend on the presence of strong winds or ice.
– Central Oklahoma (May 29–30, 1976): Surface temperatures rose suddenly by about 6°C during a documented heat burst event[71]. A heat burst caused a sudden rise in surface temperatures. The occurrence of galloping here would also rely on additional factors such as wind and ice accumulation.
These events typically occur late at night or early morning as thunderstorms dissipate, producing descending dry, warm air that heats adiabatically as it compresses near the surface. Heat bursts are accompanied by gusty, dry winds and rapid humidity drops[63][68][70][71].
Geographically, heat bursts have been recorded across the central and southern United States, and apocryphal reports exist from locations such as Abadan, Iran; Lisbon, Portugal; and Antalya, Turkey, though some extreme temperature claims remain unverified[64].
Heat bursts are not directly visible on standard weather radar but can be inferred from the dissipation of thunderstorm clouds, sudden localized temperature spikes, and strong dry wind gusts without accompanying precipitation[68].
In summary, heat bursts have been documented primarily in the U.S. Midwest and South, with similar phenomena possibly occurring globally under suitable atmospheric conditions involving collapsing thunderstorms and rapid adiabatic warming of descending air.
Summary
The April 2025 Iberian blackout is a historic event, the largest ever recorded in Spain, causing unprecedented disruption across Spain, Portugal, and neighboring regions. While Spain’s grid has recently achieved a milestone of 100% renewable electricity supply on a weekday, the blackout was reportedly not caused by renewable energy integration but rather by a fault in the France-Spain interconnector compounded by a rare atmospheric disturbance affecting high-voltage lines. This incident underscores the challenges of managing highly renewable, interconnected grids in the face of unusual environmental conditions and limited interconnection capacity with the wider European network[2][3][6][10]. Authorities continue to investigate the precise causes to strengthen grid resilience and prevent future large-scale outages.
Read More
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