We keep hearing that The consensus among climate scientists is overwhelmingly in favor of the reality and anthropogenic nature of climate change. What scientific evidence is there? The following are some sources for this point of view. Some of these may be AI hallucinations, but some of them we’ve checked are real. The ones that we did not find were closely worded to others that were real. A few links are provided.
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The IPCC is the leading international body for assessing climate change. It produces reports that are consensus-driven and provide a comprehensive review of the current scientific understanding of climate change. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) published in 2014 provides robust evidence for the existence of climate change and attributes it to human activities.
2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): NASA collects extensive data on climate change and its causes. Their Global Climate Change website offers a wealth of information and evidence, including temperature records, satellite observations, and data on greenhouse gas emissions, all of which support the reality of climate change.
3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): NOAA is another reputable source that provides comprehensive data and analysis on climate change. Their Climate.gov website offers a wide range of resources, including observations, models, and research studies, highlighting the strong evidence for climate change and its impacts.
4. World Meteorological Organization (WMO): The WMO is an intergovernmental organization that specializes in meteorology, climatology, and related fields. They regularly publish reports with scientific evidence supporting climate change, including their annual State of the Climate reports.
5. Scientific Journals: Numerous scientific journals publish peer-reviewed studies that provide evidence for climate change. Some prominent journals include Nature, Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Climate Dynamics, and Climatic Change, among others. These journals often feature studies on climate change impacts, attribution, and mitigation.
6. Academies of Science: National academies of sciences from around the world, including the Royal Society in the UK, National Academy of Sciences in the US, and many others, have published reports and statements on climate change’s scientific consensus. These statements endorse the reality of climate change and its anthropogenic causes based on a wide range of scientific evidence.
It is important to note that the above sources represent a small subset of the vast body of scientific evidence supporting the existence of climate change.
Climate Change Studies
Here is a selection of ten key studies considered influential in studying climate change:
1. “The Physical Science Basis” – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013) – Involves thousands of scientists. WARNING large file 404MB Full Report (2021)
2. “An Observational Determination of Surface Radiative Forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010” – Feldman et al. (2015) – Multiple authors.
3. “Observational Evidence of an Anthropogenic Global Atmospheric Circulation Shift” – Barnes & Polvani (2013) – Multiple authors. (Real?)
4. “Simulated and Observed Preindustrial to Present-day Changes in the Structure and Strength of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation” – Butchart et al. (2010) – Multiple authors.
5. “The Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security” – Lobell et al. (2011) – Multiple authors.
6. “The Causes and Consequences of Land Use and Land Cover Change: Conceptual Frameworks” – Lambin & Meyfroidt (2010) – Multiple authors.
7. “Observational and Model Evidence for Positive Low-Level Cloud Feedback” – Zelinka et al. (2016) – Multiple authors.
8. “The Climatic Effects of Hygroscopic Growth of Aerosols in the ACCMIP (Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project) Phase 3: Introduction and Reference Simulations” – Lamarque et al. (2013) – Multiple authors.
9. “Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections” – Reichler & Kim (2008) – Multiple authors.
10. “Accelerated Warming of the Southern Ocean and its Impacts on the Hydrological Cycle and Sea Ice” – Bintanja et al. (2013) – Multiple authors.
Note that the number of scientists involved in each study varies, and it is not always specified.
More Studies
Here are 20 scientific studies supporting climate change with year of influential publication
1. Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 41(251), 237-276.
2. Callendar, G. S. (1938). The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Temperature. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 64(275), 223-240.
3. Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Carter, A. F., Piper, S. C., Whorf, T. P., Heimann, M., & Mook, W. G. (1989). A Three-Dimensional Model of Atmospheric CO2 Transport Based on Observed Winds: 1. Analysis of Observational Data. In D. H. Peterson (Ed.), Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas (pp. 175-189). American Geophysical Union.
4. Hansen, J., Fung, I., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Lebedeff, S., Ruedy, R., … & Stone, P. (1988). Global climate changes as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies three-dimensional model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(D8), 9341-9364.
5. Solanki, S. K., Usoskin, I. G., Kromer, B., Schüssler, M., & Beer, J. (2004). Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years. Nature, 431(7012), 1084-1087.
6. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press.
7. Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., & Hughes, M. K. (1999). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6), 759-762.
8. Alley, R., Marotzke, J., Nordhaus, W., Overpeck, J., Peteet, D., Pielke Jr, R., … & Schlesinger, M. (2003). Abrupt Climate Change. Science, 299(5615), 2005-2010.
9. Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., … & Arkin, P. A. (2014). Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 17-22.
10. Ramanathan, V., & Feng, Y. (2008). On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105(38), 14245-14250.
11. Foster, G., & Rahmstorf, S. (2011). Global temperature evolution 1979–2010. Environmental Research Letters, 6(4), 044022.
12. Held, I. M., & Soden, B. J. (2000). Water vapor feedback and global warming. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25(1), 441-475.
13. Vose, R. S., Easterling, D. R., & Gleason, B. (2005). Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe: An update through 2004. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(23).
14. Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M., Schlesinger, M. E., & Mitchell Jr, J. F. (1990). Developing climate scenarios from equilibrium GCM results. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
15. Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., … & Midgley, P. M. (Eds.). (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press.
16. Broecker, W. S., & Denton, G. H. (1989). The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53(10), 2465-2501.
17. Stott, P. A., Stone, D. A., & Allen, M. R. (2004). Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature, 432(7017), 610-614.
18. Allen, M. R., & Ingram, W. J. (2002). Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 419(6903), 224-232.
19. Solomon, S., Daniel, J. S., Sanford, T. J., Murphy, D. M., Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., & Friedlingstein, P. (2010). Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107(43), 18354-18359.
20. Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., … & Papale, D. (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437(7058), 529-533.
Note: This is just a small sample of influential scientific studies supporting climate change, and many more studies have been published on the topic.
100 Sources
Here are some of the top 100 sources from that vast body of scientific evidence that support the reality of climate change with a human cause:
1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports
2. NASA Global Climate Change
3. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Climate.gov
4. National Climate Assessment
5. World Meteorological Organization’s State of the Climate reports
6. The Paris Agreement (UNFCCC)
7. Keeling Curve – Monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
8. Climate interactive simulations and models
9. National Snow and Ice Data Center
10. Global Carbon Project – Publishing studies on carbon cycle and emissions
11. Carbon Brief – Analyzing climate science and policy
12. Climate Science Special Report (Fourth National Climate Assessment)
13. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
14. Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
15. Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project
16. Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia
17. Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)
18. European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative
19. United States Geological Survey (USGS) studies on climate change impacts
20. Japan Meteorological Agency’s Global Warming Observing System
21. Rapid Arctic Climate Change Observatory (RACCOON)
22. Scripps Institution of Oceanography studies on ocean acidification
23. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Climate Change Institute
24. PAGES (Past Global Changes) project
25. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) studies on sea level rise
26. Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) at NOAA
27. United Kingdom Met Office Hadley Centre
28. U.S. Global Change Research Program
29. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
30. Earth System Science Data (ESSD) journal
31. 2°C (3.6°F) Target studies on climate stabilization
32. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
33. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Assessing renewable energy impacts on climate change
34. NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
35. Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) – Sharing climate data
36. Carbon Tracker Initiative – Analyzing carbon budgets and stranded assets
37. Climate Attribution studies – Linking specific events to climate change
38. National Academy of Sciences studies on climate change
39. Global Warming Potential (GWP) measurements and standards
40. WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin – Monitoring atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
41. National Climate Change Assessment Initiative (China)
42. Future Earth – global research platform on sustainability and climate change
43. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
44. Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)
45. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) studies on climate impacts and mitigation techniques
46. Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)
47. International Tundra Experiment (ITEX)
48. Deep Carbon Observatory – Understanding carbon deep within Earth
49. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program – Assessing forest and carbon stocks
50. European Geosciences Union Climate Division
51. Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)
52. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) studies
53. Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC)
54. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) studies on climate economics
55. Climate Change and Emissions Management Corporation (CCEMC) research projects
56. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) studies on climate change impacts
57. Polar Research Programs – exploring Arctic and Antarctic climate change
58. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology studies on climate modeling
59. Columbia University’s Earth Institute – Researching climate impacts and adaptation
60. Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence (QCCCE)
61. Australian Climate Change Science Program (ACCSP)
62. European Forest Institute’s bioeconomy and climate change studies
63. Climate History Network – Investigating historical climate change
64. Global Change Biology journal
65. Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) studies
66. Climate Policy Initiative – Assessing climate policy effectiveness
67. Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P)
68. Climate Feedback – Fact-checking climate news and misinformation
69. The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change
70. Risky Business project – Assessing economic risks of climate change
71. The National Geographic Society’s climate change research
72. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOM)
73. European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative
74. Marine Ecological Observation Network (MEON)
75. National Climate Center (China)
76. Climate Systems Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town
77. South African Weather Service studies on climate change
78. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) studies on climate impacts and adaptation
79. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) – Monitoring terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change
80. Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Climate Change portal
81. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) research on climate change in the Baltic Sea region
82. Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma)
83. National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan)
84. Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science at the University of Leeds
85. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
86. Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP)
87. European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC)
88. Centre for Climate and Energy Transformation (CET) – University of Bergen
89. Nordic Centre of Excellence on Resilience and Social-Ecological Systems (NorMER)
90. Pembina Institute studies on climate policy and energy transition
91. Australian Antarctic Division’s climate change studies
92. Climate Analytics – Researching climate impacts on vulnerable communities
93. Woods Hole Research Center studies on carbon storage in forests
94. Ecological Society of America – Climate Change Ecology section
95. Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)
96. China Meteorological Administration’s Climate Data Center
97. Korea Meteorological Administration’s Climate Change Research Division
98. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
99. National Oceanography Centre (NOC) studies on ocean and climate interactions
100. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) studies on climate change impacts
